4. WHAT WERE THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCEOF THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW CROPS ON THE AFRICAN PEOPLES ON ANY ONE REGION OFAFRICA?

Points to consider
1. Cash crops included cotton, coffee, tobacco, tea among others.
2. Formation of export base.
3. Need to improve and increase production resulted into the introduction of scientific methods of farming.
4. Increase in the variety of crops hence increased standards of living.
5. Facilitated large scale farming.
6. Facilitated the growth of manufacturing industry e.g. NYTIL.
7. Led to increased export earnings.
8. Creation and increase of employment opportunities.     9.    Encouraged the migration of labour and the associated problems. 10. Growth of industries encouraged the growth o f towns e.g. Jinja, 11. It encouraged opening up of roads, schools, estates, like kakira and lugazi estates etc 12.  It encouraged    the diversification of the economy. 13. Through sale of the produce and the fact that employment opportunities were increased, people's incomes also increased. 14. It facilitated the transformation from subsistence to monetary agriculture. 15. It facilitated the coming of foreigner e.g. Europeans, Indians etc. 16. It replaced slave trade as an economic activity. 17. It facilitated African loss of fertile lands e.g. Buganda, Bunyoro where extensive estates were established. 18. It facilitated the establishment   of plantation farming and its associated benefits and problems.

3. AS FAR AS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS CONCERNED COLONIAL ECONOMY IN ACCOUNT IN AS AFORM UNDER DEVELOPMENT ‘’

Back ground to the question.
Colonial economic policies were designs, methods or ways employed by European powers such as British, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal etc to exploit African resources for development of European economies
The colonial economy policies included taxation, cash crop growing, development of transport system, forced labour, land alienation etc.
As far as development is concerned, colonial economic policies were meant for under development.
Basis of Argument.
1. Transport and communication network like roads, railway lines were meant to have productive areas to the coast or towns for easy exploitation e g. the Uganda railway started in 1896, Durban-Pretoria, in central Africa there was a line from Beira to Umtali then to Harare Transport routes acted as sucking tube for African resources The transport routes enhanced land alienation.InTogo railway lines were insured after the products they imported e.g. iron line, cotton line.
2. Banking systems that were set up provided credits with high interest rates. These were meant to impoverish Africans.
3. High and exploitative taxes were imposed on Africans such as the hut tax in Sieraleone, in Congo leopard II collected taxes in form of ivory and rubber, such taxes, impoverished Africans, taxes were used to force Africans to serve forced labour in compensation of not paying taxes and in many cases they were flogged by the tax collectors
4. Land alienation, an idea of gazetting land for white settlers and reserve part for Africans was introduced. This led to the creation of settlers and peasant economies. Here fertile land was taken by Europeans. While Africans were pushed to reserves as if they were any peculiar, consequently Africans lost land, they were hit by famine, and unemployed while others were forced to offer cheap labour on European plantations and mines
5. Colonial economy led to the formation of reserves, here Africans were forced to abandon their land in to concentrated camps where conditions were so poor i.e. they were overcrowded, with no food stuffs, poor sanitary conditions and were often flogged by the European police forces.
6. Plantation agriculture then cash crop growing as emphasized at the expense of food crop growing. In both settlers and peasant economies seeds, fertilizes and better methods of farming were provided by the colonial government.
7. The establishment of plantations led to the emergency of migrant labour. Africans were forced to live their home to offer labour in the plantations. There, they were poorly paid, made to abandon their families and not to grow food crops thus famine hit them. Led to famine, encourage forced labour, spear headed land alienation, moreover the profit were repatriated to the metropolitan economies.
8. Exploitative education system was also instituted, this education was made to brain wash Africans and make them respect European culture and abandon their social values. It was theoretical in nature intended to provide interpreters, house boys, clerks and office messengers. In fact products of this education system turned out to be collaborators and agents of exploitation.
9. There was also the introduction of legitimate trade to replace slave trade this was intended to create market for European manufactured goods and to exploit African natural resources. Here high value African products like ivory, diamond, gold were exchanged for mirrors, cotton cloths etc.
10. The colonial economy discouraged the development of meaningful industrial and manufacturing sectors. This was done through introducing Europeans manufactured goods, in other cases African black smith were punished by amputating them e.g. in Belgian Congo.
11. In the colonial economy, trade was a monopoly of the European traders e.g. Niger delta trade, South Africa (Delgao bay trade) Besides African economies were made dependent economies with possibilities of creating sustainable economies through the import -export trade.
12. The colonial economy also made African economies technologically dependent they only established producing factories and introduced theoretically rather than technical education.
However there were some elements of development
1. The banking system created a saving behavior among the people. This laid foundation for investment.
2. Introduction of currency led to monetization of the economy which improved on business enterprise of Africans.
3. Plantation agriculture provided Africans with cash crops and farming skills.
This land foundation for the transformation from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture. On positive Dotes Africans became rich e.g. the Baganda bought motorcycle locally known as ‘Mwanyizaabala"
1. Education made Africans more civilized and it was the products of this education that redeemed Africans from the hands of colonialists like Nkwame Nkrumah.
2. The introduction of legitimate trade helped to end the inhuman slave trade.
3. The taxes introduced though bad were inherited by African independent government and became a major source of revenue for these governments.
4. They enriched the African culture and behaviour.
In a nutshell, the colonial economy policies whether in British. A French, Germany, Portuguese, or Belgium colony, the Intention was the same. What is clear is that both development and exploitation were evident but the later over shadowed the former making the whole process under development.