10. DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT ITAILAN RULE IN LIBYA.

Approach
•   Give a brief background of Libya and the establishment of Italian rule.
•   Give factors for establishment of Italian rule in Libya
•   Conclude.
Background to the question
•   By 1842, the whole of Libya had been conquered by turkey and divided into two provinces i.e. in the east was Cyrenica and in the west was Tripolitania all responsible to Istanbul.
• The ottoman governor’s main concern was to ensure that France did not expand into Libya from Algeria.
• Little efforts were made to develop Libyan provinces, its only one governor known as AH Rita Pasha who attempted to develop tubruq as an important port and dredged the port of Barighazi.
•  In the interior, Sanusiyyah brotherhood established  by Muhammad AI-Sanusi in 1837 while in Mecca played an important role, e.g. he established ·the Zawiya (Religious centres) on Jabal al-akhdar later to desert oasis of Jaghbub, however later he died and succeeded by his son Sayyad Al- Mahdi,these were both regarded as saints by the Bedouins.
Factors to consider
1. The influence of the Sanusiyyah Pan Islamic movement,   it had become a platform for the campaign against European infidels who even threatened expel all Christians.
2. Proximity of Libya from Italy, geographically   the Italian peninsular is close  to Libya  and only separated   by the Mediterranean   Sea.
3. Activities of lbrahim   Pasha (Turkish governor),  he ordered the Italians other European  settlers  to have their land and other properties  registered and to stop purchasing more land as well as expelling the Italians in the interior.
to stop purchasing more land as well as expelling  the Italians  in the interior. The renewed Turkish interest over Libya in 1835, Turkey re-conquered Libya that she had lost by 1805 which was independently   governed by Karamanli dynasty,  so Italy  feared  the renewed  interest.
5.  Occupation of Algeria by the French inl 830.
6. Occupation ofTunisiain   1881 by the French at the expense of the Italians, to avoid similar occurrence in Libya, the Italians tightened their position.
7.   Italy had made massive investments in Libya throughout the 19th century For instance the Esparto grass mill in Tripoli, a flour mill in Banghazi and a post office.
8.   Support from Britain which had earlier annoyed Italy by supporting France in taking over Tunisia over Tunisia in 1880.
9.     Support from France which wanted to completely keep away Italy from Tunisia.
1O.   Support from Austria which  wanted to restore political  relations  with Italy since  1815 Vienna settlement  where Austria  occupied  a number  of Italian stales such as Venetia and Lombardy  until the unification  of Italy in 1860's.
11.  Presence of Khur-Al-Dunnebels     in Libya as refugees and fear that the French might take over the area as it was  for Morocco
2.  Libya was considered   vacant by European powers.
3.  The economic desires to exploit the oil iron ore suspected in Libya.
4.  The desire to control the trans-Saharan caravan trade routes which connected Libya with Borun and Yain from such a profitable trade.
S.  The effective  occupation  theory  enacted  by the Berlin  conference  in 1885 i.e. Italy by 1902 had established  a post office .banks,  medical  services, trade in wool, cereals,  roads,  railways  as a sign of interest.
16.  Italy’s need for land to implement her projects in Libya that is Tripolitania, Benghazi mineral prospecting etc.  
17.  Long time desire to create an ancient Roman empire
18. Italian nationalism and public opinion.
19.  Young Turkey revolution in which the Turkish army was revived.
20.  Desire to compensate   the 1896 Italian defeat at Adowa.
21. Expectancy of minerals.
22.  Italy had invested massively in Libya.
23. Desire to attain wealth.
24. It was time for scramble and partition of Africa, so Libya was no exception.
25.  The home based pressure for colonies the more colonies one had, the more prestige.
26.   Libya was strategically   located (trade and Mediterranean Sea)
27.  The increased number of the Italian settlers in   Libya
28.   Over population   hence need for more land and taking over.
In conclusion,   the Italians on 29th September   1911 invaded Libya and annexed Tripoli,  Darna, Khums,  Banghazi and Tubruq.
29.   In October 1911, the Turks and Italians met at Lausanne where they
30.   In the treaty of 15th October 1912, turkey accepted to surrender Libya although the sultan was to continue serving and recognized as a spiritual leader