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Background of Hassan Moulay.
• He succeeded Muhammad who by the treaty of Tetuan was forced to pay a huge indemnity something that forced him to contract a loan floated in London.
• By the time he came to power, Morocco had two main problems i.e. lack of firm political control over the empire and the rebellious attitude of some communities who refused to recognize the central authority and to pay tax leading to bankruptcy
• The second and most important problem was external character by increasing European interest and intervention in Moroccans affairs.
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• The above problems led to the decline in the integrity of the Alawite dynasty and the independence of Morocco endangered.
Points to Consider.
In order to solve the above problems and to preserve the integrity of theAlawite dynasty and independence of Morocco, he did the following.
He established a strong modern trained, well equipped and disciplined army he put the army under the British instructor Harry Madean, this army crushed internal rebellions, helped the monarch to assert authority country wide, define the independence of the country from external threat
3.Using the army, he was able to acquire the undisputed possession of the country and to exercise authority over the Berbers of the south thus uniting Morocco, by 1894; Moulay was exercising greater authority over the majority of the Moroccans.
4. He also encouraged the sharafian movement an organization advocation democratic institutions in Morocco, he hoped to unite the people of Morocco
5. He also attempted to strengthen the central government by redividing the country into 330 smaller administrative units each with its own Qadhi. These replaced the 18 large and often unwieldy provinces This made administrative control more effective.
6. He also put the judiciary under the Qadis instead of the Sultan making it more efficient and effective.
7.In the economic field, he revived the sugar industry in southern Morocco to generate finance and solve bankruptcy, he encouraged the keeping of sheep which helped Morocco to export wool leading to increased revenue,
8. Iron and phosphates were mined by the European allies leading to increased revenue.
9. He encouraged vegetable and fruit growing in the coastal part of the country.
10. He introduced a new uniform taxation system, he also stabilized the value of the morocco currency by setting up a fixed rate of exchange he minted silver 'rivals'.
11. He improved on Moroccan ports of Fez, Marrakech by enlarging them to handle larger cargo, he collected port duties and this increased the country's revenue.
12. He established trade contacts with the European countries like Britain, German, France and Spain, this helped to increase Moroccan revenue, increasing revenue helped him to maintain a strong army to suppress rebellion and to exercise greater authority over the Moroccans.
efforts to unite them became so difficult (friendly and the un friendly Morocco) The authority of the sultan was often challenged by feudal lords in the Atlas region who were very conservative.
3. Constant rebellions and hostilities between different tribes and nationalities against the government authority.
4. Lack of a strong and a united army ( it had been created on tribal loyalties)
5 .The geographical nature of Morocco (mountainous in nature)
6 European threat especially from countries like Britain, France, Germany and Spain)
7. Economic predicaments (relatively poor), Port Fez and Marrakech were too small and could not handle large cargo
8.Poor taxation system as feudal lords and Bourgeoisies were exempted from tax obligation, the country's treasury became depleted of finances.
9. Poor monetary policy, many currencies and the exchange rate kept on changing.
10. Administrative weakness, Morocco was too wide but only divided into only eight provinces each under governors who were almost independent of the sultan.
11. Judicial weakness, Morocco had only one type of court located in sultan palace, court procedures were manipulated through bribery, favoritism and nepotism.
Methods he used to overcome those problems.
11. He put up military reforms, well trained and equipped with up to date weapons all this intended to put up a national army.
12. He suppressed internal rebellions, by fighting and defeating the Harman in1875, he even suppressed the rebellion in the Rifin 1889.
13. He established a strong and effective administration by dividing up the country into 330 districts putting each under an appointed Qhadhis.
14. He managed to contain European threat through diplomacy and trickery.
15. He developed the country's industrial sector e.g. he established a sugar processing industry so as to reduce the expense of importing sugar.
16. He tried to promote agriculture in Morocco.
17. He put up taxation reforms where the rich 100 paid taxes and infact more compared to that paid by the poor.
18. Attempted to stabilize the currency and exchange rate i.e. he printed and maintained new silver coins called Rivals and also established a fixed exchange rate system.
19. He increased Morocco’s revenue by enlarging Moroccan ports to handle large cargo.
10. He tried to unite Morocco by joining Bilad Al- Makhzan (friendly country) with Bilad Al- Ssiba (the unfriendly country)
11. He reformed Moroccan judiciary by decentralizing the judiciary authority to the local Qadhis
12. He maintained his country against European colonial interest at least throughout his reign.
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